The South African government has moved this week with what it described as its most forceful measures to date against illegal gold mining, stepping up enforcement mainly at abandoned gold mines. According to the report, the illicit activity has also spread into the chrome and coal sectors, raising concerns beyond the gold industry.
Authorities have faced criticism in the past because illegal miners caught on site were typically charged only with trespassing and fined 300 rand after a guilty plea. Last month, around 105 illegal miners were arrested as part of enforcement efforts.
South Africa's gold output has fallen by roughly 90% since its 1970s peak, when annual production exceeded 1,000 tonnes and the country accounted for more than two-thirds of world supply. The crackdown reflects rising pressure on authorities from mining companies and affected communities to address the safety and economic fallout of illegal mining, particularly around derelict shafts.